There are 75 car parts that start with the letter S. From Seat Adjuster to Sway Bar Link. Car parts refer to the various components that make up a vehicle, each playing a crucial role in its overall operation and performance. These parts can range from essential functional components like engines and transmissions, to auxiliary parts such as belts and hoses. The proper maintenance and timely replacement of car parts are vital for ensuring vehicle safety, efficiency, and longevity. With advancements in technology, many car parts now include electronic components, enhancing their functionality and enabling features such as automated driving systems and improved infotainment options.

An interesting fact about car parts is that many vehicles contain around 30,000 different parts, and the automotive industry is continuously evolving with new materials and technologies. For instance, lightweight composites are increasingly being used to improve fuel efficiency, while high-strength steel remains a staple for structural components due to its durability.

Here’s what each of the columns in the table means:

Function: A brief description of what the car part does within the vehicle system.

Maintenance Interval (months): The recommended time period after which the part should be inspected or replaced, measured in months.

Replacement Cost (USD): An estimate of the average monetary cost incurred when replacing the part, expressed in U.S. dollars.

Description: A detailed explanation of the car part, including its significance, materials, and placement in the car’s architecture.

Car parts That Start With S

Car parts function maintenance interval (months) replacement cost (USD)
Seat Adjuster Allows the driver or passenger to adjust the position of the seat forward, backward, up, and down for comfort and visibility. 24 50-150
Seat Belt Restrains the occupant in the event of a collision, reducing the risk of injury. 60 50-150
Seat Belt Pretensioner Tightens the seat belt in the event of a collision to limit occupant movement. 60 150-300
Seat Belt Retractor Winds up and stores excess seat belt webbing 60 50-150
Seat Belt Webbing The flexible strap that secures the occupant 60 20-100
Seat Frame Provides the structural support for the seat 120 100-500
Seat Heater Warms the seat surface to provide comfort in cold weather. N/A 100-300
Seat Recliner Allows the seat backrest to tilt forward and backward for comfort. 24 50-150
Seat Track Allows the seat to slide forward and backward to accommodate different driver heights. 24 50-150
Seat Trim The upholstery and coverings on the seat 60 100-500
Seat Ventilation Circulates air through the seat cushion and backrest to provide cooling comfort. N/A 200-500
Secondary Air Injection Pump Pumps air into the exhaust to reduce emissions 36 200-500
Serpentine Belt Drives multiple accessory components, such as the alternator, water pump, and air conditioning compressor, using a single, continuous belt. 36 50
Serpentine Belt Tensioner Applies the proper amount of tension to the serpentine belt, ensuring consistent power transmission to the accessory components. 36 75
Shared Control Module Integrates and coordinates the operation of multiple vehicle systems. 60 500-1000
Shift Cable Connects the gear shift lever to the transmission, allowing the driver to select the desired gear. 36 75
Shift Cable Bushing Allows smooth operation of the shift cable 24 10-50
Shift Detent Spring Provides a positive ‘click’ feeling when the shifter is placed in each gear position, improving the driver’s tactile feedback. 60-84 $5-$20
Shift Fork Moves the transmission’s synchronizer rings to engage the desired gear, enabling gear changes. 60-84 $20-$80
Shift Interlock Cable Prevents the transmission from being shifted out of park without the brake pedal pressed 60 20-100
Shift Interlock Solenoid Prevents the transmission from being shifted out of Park unless the brake pedal is pressed, enhancing safety. 60-84 $50-$150
Shift Linkage Connects the gear shift lever to the transmission, transmitting the driver’s gear selection to the transmission. 36 50
Shift Linkage Bushing Reduces play and vibration in the shifter mechanism, maintaining a precise and responsive shifting feel. 36-60 $10-$30
Shifter Assembly Houses the shift lever and mechanism, allowing the driver to select different gear positions. 60-84 $100-$300
Shock Absorber Dampens the up-and-down motion of the vehicle’s suspension, providing a smooth and comfortable ride. 24 80
Shock Absorber Fluid Viscous fluid that dampens the motion of the suspension. 12 20-50
Shock Absorber Mount Provides a secure mounting point for the shock absorber, allowing it to properly dampen the suspension’s vertical movement. 36 50
Shock Absorber Mounting Bushing Isolates the shock absorber from the vehicle’s chassis, reducing vibration and improving ride comfort. 36-60 $20-$50
Shock Absorber Stem Bushing Allows the shock absorber to pivot and articulate as the suspension moves, preventing binding and ensuring a smooth ride. 36-60 $10-$30
Shocks Absorb the impact of bumps and potholes, providing a smooth ride and improving handling. 24-36 $50-$300
Side Mirror Actuator Powers the adjustment of the side mirrors 60 50-200
Side Mirror Glass The reflective surface of the side mirror 60 20-100
Side Mirror Housing Encases and protects the side mirror assembly 60 50-200
Solenoid Valve Controls the flow of fluids or air in the vehicle 36 20-100
Spare Tire A full-size or temporary tire kept in the vehicle as a replacement for a flat or damaged tire. N/A 100
Spark Plug Ignites the air-fuel mixture in the engine’s cylinders, initiating the combustion process. 24 4
Spark Plug Boot Connects the spark plug to the ignition coil 36 5-20
Spark Plug Gap Tool A tool used to measure and adjust the gap between the electrodes on a spark plug, ensuring proper ignition performance. N/A 5
Spark Plug Socket A specialized tool used to remove and install spark plugs, ensuring they are properly tightened and aligned. N/A 10
Spark Plug Wire Carries the high-voltage electrical current from the ignition coil to the spark plug, ensuring proper ignition timing. 24 15
Spark Plug Wires Deliver the high-voltage electrical current from the ignition coil to the spark plugs, ensuring proper ignition timing. 24 30
Spark Plugs Ignite the air-fuel mixture in the engine’s cylinders, initiating the combustion process. 12-24 $4-$20
Speed Sensor Provides vehicle speed data to various systems 60 50-200
Spoke Wrench Adjusts the tension of the spokes on a wheel N/A 5-20
Stabilizer Bar Reduces body roll and improves handling 60 50-200
Starter Drive Gear Engages with the flywheel to start the engine, providing the initial rotational force. 36 75
Starter Motor Provides the initial rotational force to start the engine, allowing it to begin the combustion process. 36 150
Starter Relay An electrical switch that activates the starter motor when the ignition system energizes it, allowing the engine to start. 36 30
Starter Solenoid Activates the starter motor when the ignition switch is turned, providing the electrical current needed to start the engine. 36 50
Steering Column Houses the steering shaft and provides a mounting point for the steering wheel, allowing the driver to control the vehicle’s direction. 60 200
Steering Damper Helps to stabilize the steering system, reducing vibrations and improving directional control. 24 75
Steering Gear Box Translates the turning of the steering wheel into lateral movement of the vehicle’s wheels. 60-96 $300-$800
Steering Gearbox Converts the rotational motion of the steering wheel into the linear motion needed to turn the vehicle’s wheels. 48 300
Steering Knuckle Connects the wheel hub to the suspension, allowing the wheel to turn and steer the vehicle. 36 150
Steering Pump Provides the hydraulic pressure needed to assist the driver in turning the steering wheel, making it easier to steer the vehicle. 36 150
Steering Rack Converts the rotational motion of the steering wheel into linear motion, directing the vehicle’s front wheels. 48 250
Steering Shaft Transfers the rotational motion from the steering wheel to the steering rack, allowing the driver to control the vehicle’s direction. 36 100
Steering Tie Rod Connects the steering knuckle to the steering rack, transmitting the steering input to the wheels. 24 40
Steering Tie Rod End The ball joint-like component that connects the steering tie rod to the steering knuckle, allowing the wheels to turn. 24 60
Steering Wheel Provides the driver with a means of controlling the vehicle’s direction by turning the front wheels. 60 150
Strut Assembly Combines the shock absorber and spring in a single unit, providing both suspension and steering functions. 36 300
Strut Bearing Allows the strut to rotate and pivot during steering, providing a smooth and responsive steering feel. 36 50
Strut Dust Boot Prevents dirt, debris, and moisture from entering the strut assembly, protecting the internal components from wear and damage. 24 20
Strut Mount Connects the top of the strut assembly to the vehicle’s body or frame, allowing the strut to properly support the weight and absorb impacts. 36 75
Strut Tower Brace Connects the top of the strut towers, improving the vehicle’s structural rigidity and enhancing handling and stability. N/A 100
Sunroof Motor Powers the opening and closing of a vehicle’s sunroof. 48-72 $200-$500
Sunroof Seal Prevents water, dust, and air leaks around the sunroof opening. 48-72 $20-$100
Suspension Ball Joint Allows the steering knuckle to pivot, enabling the wheels to turn and the suspension to move up and down. 24 80
Suspension Bushing Helps to isolate the vehicle’s suspension components from the frame, providing a smooth and comfortable ride. 24 20
Suspension Bushing Kit A set of rubber or polyurethane bushings that help isolate the suspension components from the vehicle’s frame, improving ride quality and handling. 24 100
Suspension Coil Spring The main spring component of the suspension system, providing the necessary support and absorbing road impacts. 48 80
Suspension Control Arm Connects the suspension components to the vehicle’s frame, allowing the wheels to move up and down while maintaining proper alignment. 36 150
Suspension Spring Supports the weight of the vehicle and absorbs the impact of bumps and uneven road surfaces, providing a comfortable ride. 48 100
Sway Bar A metal bar that connects the suspension of a vehicle to the frame, improving stability and reducing body roll during turns and cornering. 6 35
Sway Bar Link Connects the sway bar to the vehicle’s suspension, allowing the sway bar to effectively transfer weight and reduce body roll. 12 15

Descriptions

Seat Adjuster
Mechanical mechanism that controls the movement of the vehicle seat, including electric and manual options. Ensures the driver and passengers can find a comfortable seating position.
Seat Belt
Webbing strap that secures the occupant to the vehicle seat, with a buckle and retractor mechanism. Helps prevent ejection from the vehicle and distribute crash forces across the body.
Seat Belt Pretensioner
Pyrotechnic device that rapidly pulls the seat belt tight when sensors detect a crash, reducing slack and improving restraint effectiveness.
Seat Belt Retractor
A mechanism that stores the seat belt and gradually pays out or retracts the webbing as needed for occupant movement.
Seat Belt Webbing
The woven fabric belt that is anchored to the vehicle structure and connects to the seat belt buckle.
Seat Frame
The metal frame that the seat cushion and back are attached to, which mounts to the vehicle floor.
Seat Heater
Heating element embedded in the seat cushion and backrest, controlled by the vehicle’s climate system. Helps occupants stay warm during winter driving.
Seat Recliner
Mechanism that pivots the seat backrest, often with multiple locking positions. Enables the driver and passengers to adjust the seat to their preferred recline angle.
Seat Track
Rails mounted to the vehicle floor that the seat base slides along, providing adjustability for optimal pedal and steering wheel reach.
Seat Trim
The fabric, leather, or other material that covers and decorates the seat, providing comfort and style.
Seat Ventilation
Fans and airflow channels integrated into the seat that draw in air from the vehicle’s climate control system, helping to keep occupants cool.
Secondary Air Injection Pump
An electric or belt-driven air pump that forces additional air into the exhaust stream to promote more complete combustion and lower emissions.
Serpentine Belt
The serpentine belt, also known as the accessory drive belt, is a long, continuous belt that powers multiple accessories in the vehicle’s engine compartment. It is responsible for driving the alternator, water pump, air conditioning compressor, and other components, ensuring that they operate in sync and provide the necessary power to keep the vehicle running smoothly.
Serpentine Belt Tensioner
The serpentine belt tensioner is a crucial component in the serpentine belt system. It is responsible for applying the correct amount of tension to the serpentine belt, ensuring that it maintains a tight grip on the pulleys and effectively transmits power to the various accessory components, such as the alternator, water pump, and air conditioning compressor.
Shared Control Module
Electronic control unit that manages the communication and functionality of various interconnected components, such as the engine, transmission, and safety systems.
Shift Cable
The shift cable, also known as the gear shift cable, is a crucial component in the transmission system of a vehicle. It provides the mechanical connection between the gear shift lever inside the cabin and the transmission, allowing the driver to select the appropriate gear for the driving conditions.
Shift Cable Bushing
A rubber or plastic bushing that the shift cable runs through, reducing friction and wear.
Shift Detent Spring
A small spring-loaded mechanism that creates a momentary resistance when the shifter is moved into a gear, helping the driver feel the gear engagement.
Shift Fork
A forked component inside the transmission that physically pushes the synchronizer sleeves to connect the appropriate gears when the driver shifts.
Shift Interlock Cable
A cable that connects the transmission shifter to the brake pedal, ensuring the brakes are applied before the transmission can be shifted.
Shift Interlock Solenoid
An electrically-operated mechanism that locks the shifter in Park until the brake pedal is depressed, preventing unintended vehicle movement.
Shift Linkage
The shift linkage is the mechanical system that connects the gear shift lever in the cabin to the transmission. It translates the driver’s input from the shift lever into the corresponding gear selection in the transmission, ensuring that the desired gear is engaged when the driver shifts.
Shift Linkage Bushing
Rubber or polyurethane bushings that connect the shift linkage components, minimizing unwanted movement and maintaining a tight, direct shifter action.
Shifter Assembly
The complete unit that includes the shift knob, shift lever, and internal components that transmit the driver’s input to the transmission.
Shock Absorber
The shock absorber is a critical component of a vehicle’s suspension system. It is responsible for absorbing and dampening the vertical movement of the suspension, which helps to provide a smooth and comfortable ride for the driver and passengers. Shock absorbers are designed to control the bounce and rebound of the suspension, ensuring that the tires maintain consistent contact with the road surface.
Shock Absorber Fluid
Hydraulic fluid contained within the shock absorber that provides resistance to compression and rebound, smoothing the ride and improving vehicle stability.
Shock Absorber Mount
The shock absorber mount is the part of the suspension system that securely attaches the shock absorber to the vehicle’s frame or body. This mount must be in good condition to ensure that the shock absorber can effectively perform its function of dampening the up-and-down motion of the suspension, thereby providing a smooth and comfortable ride for the occupants.
Shock Absorber Mounting Bushing
Rubber or polyurethane bushings that connect the shock absorber to the vehicle’s suspension components, allowing for smooth and controlled movement.
Shock Absorber Stem Bushing
Small bushings located at the top of the shock absorber that enable the shock to move freely within the suspension system.
Shocks
Hydraulic dampers that compress and extend to counteract the vertical movement of the vehicle’s suspension.
Side Mirror Actuator
The electric motor or mechanism that allows the side mirrors to be tilted, extended, or folded remotely.
Side Mirror Glass
The replaceable mirror element in the side mirror housing that provides the driver’s view of the side and rear of the vehicle.
Side Mirror Housing
The plastic or metal outer shell that the side mirror glass and any power adjusters are mounted in.
Solenoid Valve
An electromagnetically operated valve that opens or closes to regulate the supply of oil, fuel, or air to various systems.
Spare Tire
A spare tire is a crucial safety component in a vehicle, providing a means of replacing a flat or damaged tire. Spare tires can be a full-size wheel and tire assembly or a temporary donut” tire
Spark Plug
The spark plug is a critical component in the ignition system of an internal combustion engine. It generates a high-voltage electrical spark that ignites the air-fuel mixture, starting the combustion process and powering the engine.
Spark Plug Boot
The rubber or silicone cover that fits over the top of the spark plug and attaches to the ignition coil wire.
Spark Plug Gap Tool
The spark plug gap tool is a specialized device used to measure the gap between the center electrode and the ground electrode on a spark plug. This gap must be set to the manufacturer’s recommended specification to ensure proper ignition of the air-fuel mixture in the engine’s cylinders. The tool allows the user to accurately measure and adjust the gap as needed.
Spark Plug Socket
A spark plug socket is a specific type of socket that is designed to fit and grip the hex-shaped body of a spark plug. This tool is used to safely and effectively remove and install spark plugs, ensuring that they are properly tightened to the appropriate torque specification and aligned within the engine’s cylinder head.
Spark Plug Wire
Spark plug wires, also known as ignition cables, are responsible for delivering the high-voltage electrical current from the ignition coil to the spark plugs. This ensures that the air-fuel mixture in each cylinder is ignited at the correct time for optimal engine performance.
Spark Plug Wires
Spark plug wires, also known as ignition cables, are responsible for transmitting the high-voltage electrical current from the ignition coil to the individual spark plugs in an engine. This ensures that the air-fuel mixture in each cylinder is ignited at the correct time, allowing the engine to operate efficiently and reliably.
Spark Plugs
Small, threaded devices that create a spark to ignite the fuel, enabling the engine to run.
Speed Sensor
An electronic sensor that detects the rotational speed of a driveline component and transmits this information to the vehicle’s computer.
Spoke Wrench
A specialized wrench used to tighten or loosen the spokes on a wire-spoke vehicle wheel in order to properly true the assembly.
Stabilizer Bar
A metal bar that connects the left and right suspension components, providing additional resistance to body roll and more responsive steering.
Starter Drive Gear
The starter drive gear is a component of the starter motor assembly. It is responsible for engaging with the flywheel on the engine, which allows the starter motor to provide the initial rotational force needed to start the engine. The starter drive gear must be in good working order to ensure reliable engine starting.
Starter Motor
The starter motor is a crucial component in the electrical system of a vehicle. It is responsible for providing the initial rotational force to the engine, which allows the pistons to begin moving and the engine to start. The starter motor is engaged by the ignition switch or a remote start system, and must be in good working order for the engine to start reliably.
Starter Relay
The starter relay is an electromagnetic switch that is used to control the flow of electrical current to the starter motor. When the ignition system sends a signal, the relay closes the circuit, allowing the necessary high-amperage current to reach the starter and initiate the engine starting process. The starter relay helps to prevent the starter motor from being overloaded or damaged during the starting sequence.
Starter Solenoid
The starter solenoid is an electromagnetic switch that is used to engage the starter motor. When the ignition switch is turned, the solenoid receives an electrical signal, which then closes the circuit and allows current to flow to the starter motor, initiating the engine start sequence.
Steering Column
The steering column is the assembly that connects the steering wheel to the rest of the steering system. It houses the steering shaft, which transmits the rotational input from the steering wheel to the steering rack, allowing the driver to control the direction of the vehicle. The steering column also provides a mounting point for the steering wheel, ensuring a secure and comfortable driving position.
Steering Damper
The steering damper, also known as the steering stabilizer, is a component in the vehicle’s steering system. It is designed to dampen or absorb the vibrations and oscillations that can occur in the steering system, particularly at high speeds or on rough roads. By stabilizing the steering, the damper helps to improve the vehicle’s directional control and provide a more comfortable driving experience for the occupants.
Steering Gear Box
The mechanical system that converts the rotational motion of the steering wheel into the linear motion required to steer the vehicle.
Steering Gearbox
The steering gearbox, also known as the steering gear, is a key component in the power-assisted steering system of a vehicle. It is responsible for converting the rotational input from the steering wheel into the linear motion required to turn the vehicle’s front wheels. The steering gearbox ensures that the driver’s steering input is effectively translated into the desired change in vehicle direction.
Steering Knuckle
The steering knuckle is a crucial component in the steering and suspension system of a vehicle. It serves as the pivot point that allows the wheels to turn, enabling the driver to steer the vehicle in the desired direction. The knuckle connects the wheel hub to the suspension components, ensuring smooth and responsive steering.
Steering Pump
The steering pump, also known as the power steering pump, is a critical component in a vehicle’s power-assisted steering system. It is responsible for generating the hydraulic pressure that allows the steering system to assist the driver in turning the steering wheel, making it easier to maneuver the vehicle, especially at low speeds or during tight turns.
Steering Rack
The steering rack is the central component of a vehicle’s power-assisted steering system. It translates the rotational input from the steering wheel into the linear motion that is used to turn the front wheels, allowing the driver to steer the vehicle with ease.
Steering Shaft
The steering shaft is the link between the steering wheel and the steering rack. It transmits the rotational input from the driver’s hands to the steering mechanism, allowing the vehicle to change direction. The steering shaft must be well-maintained to ensure precise and responsive steering control.
Steering Tie Rod
The steering tie rod is a crucial component in the steering system of a vehicle. It connects the steering knuckle to the steering rack, allowing the rotational motion from the steering wheel to be transmitted to the wheels, enabling the driver to steer the vehicle in the desired direction.
Steering Tie Rod End
The steering tie rod end is a critical component in the vehicle’s steering system. It connects the steering tie rod to the steering knuckle, providing a pivoting joint that allows the wheels to turn in response to driver input. The tie rod end must be in good condition to ensure precise and responsive steering, as well as proper wheel alignment.
Steering Wheel
The steering wheel is the primary interface between the driver and the vehicle’s steering system. By turning the steering wheel, the driver is able to control the direction of the vehicle’s front wheels, allowing them to steer the car in the desired path. The steering wheel must be well-maintained and responsive to ensure safe and effective control of the vehicle.
Strut Assembly
The strut assembly is a key component of a vehicle’s suspension system. It combines the shock absorber and the coil spring into a single unit, which provides both the damping and spring functions necessary for a smooth and controlled ride. The strut assembly also plays a role in the steering system, as it helps to maintain wheel alignment and stability.
Strut Bearing
The strut bearing is a component found in the upper portion of a strut assembly. It is designed to allow the strut to rotate and pivot freely as the steering wheel is turned, enabling the vehicle to change direction with a smooth and responsive feel. The strut bearing must be in good working order to ensure proper steering and suspension performance.
Strut Dust Boot
The strut dust boot is a protective cover that fits over the upper portion of the strut assembly. It is designed to keep out dirt, debris, and moisture, which could otherwise contaminate and damage the internal components of the strut, such as the shock absorber and bearings. Maintaining the integrity of the strut dust boot is important for preserving the lifespan and performance of the strut assembly.
Strut Mount
The strut mount is the component that secures the top of the strut assembly to the vehicle’s body or frame. It provides a critical connection point that allows the strut to effectively carry the weight of the vehicle and absorb the impacts and vibrations transmitted through the suspension. The strut mount must be in good condition to ensure proper suspension performance and a smooth, stable ride.
Strut Tower Brace
The strut tower brace is a strengthening component that connects the top of the strut towers on some vehicles. By reinforcing the connection between the strut towers, the brace helps to increase the overall structural rigidity of the vehicle’s suspension system. This improved rigidity can lead to enhanced handling characteristics, improved stability, and a more responsive steering feel, particularly during cornering and high-performance driving.
Sunroof Motor
The electric motor that operates the mechanism that opens and closes the sunroof.
Sunroof Seal
The rubber or plastic seals that form a tight barrier around the sunroof to keep the interior of the vehicle dry and protected.
Suspension Ball Joint
The suspension ball joint is a critical component in the steering and suspension system of a vehicle. It serves as a pivoting connection between the steering knuckle and the suspension control arm, allowing the wheels to turn and the suspension to move up and down as needed. The ball joint must be in good condition to ensure proper wheel alignment and safe, responsive steering.
Suspension Bushing
Suspension bushings are rubber or polyurethane components that are used to connect the various suspension parts to the vehicle’s frame. They help to absorb shock and vibration, providing a more comfortable and controlled ride while also protecting the suspension components from excessive wear and tear.
Suspension Bushing Kit
A suspension bushing kit is a collection of various rubber or polyurethane bushings that are used throughout a vehicle’s suspension system. These bushings help to isolate the suspension components, such as control arms and sway bars, from the vehicle’s frame, allowing for a smoother and more comfortable ride. They also help to improve handling by reducing unwanted movement and vibration in the suspension.
Suspension Coil Spring
The suspension coil spring is a critical part of a vehicle’s suspension system. It is responsible for supporting the weight of the vehicle and absorbing the impacts and vibrations transmitted through the wheels and tires. The coil spring’s compression and expansion allow the suspension to smooth out irregularities in the road surface, providing a comfortable ride for the occupants.
Suspension Control Arm
The suspension control arm, also known as the A-arm or wishbone, is a key component in a vehicle’s suspension system. It connects the suspension components, such as the wheel hub and shock absorber, to the vehicle’s frame or body. The control arm allows the wheels to move up and down in response to road conditions, while maintaining the proper wheel alignment and suspension geometry.
Suspension Spring
The suspension spring is a critical component of a vehicle’s suspension system. It is responsible for supporting the weight of the vehicle and absorbing the impact of bumps and other road irregularities, helping to provide a smooth and comfortable ride for the driver and passengers. Suspension springs are typically made of metal and can be coil, leaf, or torsion bar designs, depending on the vehicle’s suspension configuration.
Sway Bar
The sway bar, also known as the anti-roll bar, is a crucial component in a vehicle’s suspension system. It helps to reduce body roll and improve overall stability by transferring weight from one side of the vehicle to the other during turns and maneuvers.
Sway Bar Link
The sway bar link is the connection point between the sway bar and the vehicle’s suspension. It allows the sway bar to transmit its stabilizing forces to the wheels, ensuring smooth and responsive handling during turns and cornering.

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